Cancer UrologyCancer UrologyОнкоурология1726-97761996-1812Publishing House ABV Press186510.17650/1726-9776-2025-21-4-140-149REVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleInfluence of retroelements on the risk of prostate cancerВлияние ретроэлементов на развитие рака предстательной железыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382XMustafinRustam N.МустафинРустам Наилевич
Russian Federation
ruji79@mail.ruBashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России160320262141401490211202403072025Copyright ©; 2026, Mustafin R.N.Copyright ©; 2026, Мустафин Р.Н.2026Mustafin R.N.Мустафин Р.Н.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1865

In 85–95 % of cases, prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with aging and 269 SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) most of which are located between protein-coding genes and in their introns. The effect of such a number of polymorphisms on disease development is explained by the fact that retroelement genes and non-coding RNA genes evolved from them are located in the SNP areas. As a result, prostate cancer-associated polymorphisms cause changes in retroelement activity leading to the observed epigenetic abnormalities and genomic instability because retroelements induce chromosomal rearrangement. Many studies have shown pathological activation of LINE (long interspersed nuclear elements), SINE (short interspersed nuclear elements) and HERV (human endogenous retroviruses) in patients with prostate cancer. Additionally, retroelements serve as the base of mature long non-coding RNAs involved in disease pathogenesis, and processed retroelement transcripts function as competitive endogenic RNAs. Analysis of scientific literature allowed to describe 22 microRNAs evolved from retroelements and involved in prostate cancer carcinogenesis which can potentially be used as instruments for targeted therapy of the disease.

Рак предстательной железы в 85–95 % случаев является многофакторным заболеванием, ассоциированным со старением и 269 SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism, однонуклеотидный полиморфизм), большинство из которых располагаются между белоккодирующими генами и в их интронах. Объяснить влияние такого количества полиморфизмов на развитие заболевания можно тем, что в областях расположения SNP находятся гены ретроэлементов и произошедшие от них гены некодирующих РНК. В результате ассоциированные с раком предстательной железы полиморфизмы вызывают изменение активности ретроэлементов, отражаясь в виде наблюдаемых эпигенетических нарушений и нестабильности генома, поскольку ретроэлементы индуцируют хромосомные перестройки. Об этом свидетельствуют результаты многочисленных исследований, подтверждающих патологическую активацию LINE (long interspersed nuclear elements, длинные диспергированные ядерные элементы), SINE (короткие диспергированные ядерные элементы, short interspersed nuclear elements) и HERV (эндогенные ретровирусы человека, human endogenous retroviruses) у больных раком предстательной железы. Кроме того, ретроэлементы являются основой для зрелых молекул длинных некодирующих РНК, вовлеченных в патогенез болезни, а процессированные транскрипты ретроэлементов функционируют в качестве конкурентных эндогенных РНК. Анализ научной литературы позволил описать 22 микроРНК, произошедшие от ретроэлементов и вовлеченные в патогенез рака предстательной железы, которые могут быть предложены в качестве инструментов для таргетной терапии заболевания.

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