Cancer UrologyCancer UrologyОнкоурология1726-97761996-1812Publishing House ABV Press191710.17650/1726-9776-2025-21-4-186-196REVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleCurrent problems in epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancerАктуальные аспекты эпидемиологии, диагностики и лечения рака яичкаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-6691KorchaginMikhail P.КорчагинМихаил Павлович
Russian Federation
mihailsun@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-5789SokolovE. A.СоколовЕ. А.
Russian Federation

Department of Urology and Surgical Andrology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia

кафедра урологии и хирургической андрологии, ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России

mihailsun@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6096-5723PushkarD. Yu.ПушкарьД. Ю.
Russian Federation

Department of Urology and Surgical Andrology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia

кафедра урологии и хирургической андрологии, ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России

mihailsun@mail.ruN.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава РоссииS.P. Botkin Moscow Multidisciplinary Scientific and Clinical Center, Moscow Healthcare DepartmentГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр им. С.П. Боткина Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииRussian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России160320262141861961003202505082025Copyright ©; 2026, Korchagin M.P., Sokolov E.A., Pushkar D.Y.Copyright ©; 2026, Корчагин М.П., Соколов Е.А., Пушкарь Д.Ю.2026Korchagin M.P., Sokolov E.A., Pushkar D.Y.Корчагин М.П., Соколов Е.А., Пушкарь Д.Ю.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1917

Testicular cancer is a rare malignant tumor of men of working age, with an incidence rate in Russia of less than 2 % per 100,000 people. The aim of our study was to analyze current epidemiological data, modern trends in diagnosis and treatment of germ cell and non-germ cell testicular neoplasms. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, eLibrary and Scopus databases. Given young age and the necessity to preserve high quality of life in this cohort of patients, timely and accurate diagnosis is important. Self-screening and cancer awareness programs, new biomarkers such as microRNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating mitochondria DNA, and circulating tumor cells can improve detection of patients with this type of tumor. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography with dual-time-point imaging has high sensitivity and specificity for restaging of residual masses in testicular cancer. Development of new drugs, including immunotherapeutic drugs, can solve the problem of resistance to platinum-based drugs among patients with metastatic cancer. The quality of life of patients with testicular cancer directly depends on the chosen treatment tactics. Therefore, time should always be devoted to psychological preparation and counselling of patients before starting therapy, talking through and discussing all possible short- and long-term complications from the chosen type of treatment.

Рак яичка является редкой злокачественной опухолью мужчин работоспособного возраста, заболеваемость которой в РФ не превышает 2 % на 100 тыс. человек. Целью нашего исследования послужил анализ актуальных эпидемиологических данных и современных направлений диагностики и лечения герминогенных и негерминогенных новообразований яичка. Обзор литературы проведен с использованием баз данных PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, eLibrary и Scopus. С учетом молодого возраста данной когорты пациентов и необходимости сохранения высокого качества их жизни важна своевременная и точная диагностика заболевания. Программы по самообследованию и повышению онконастороженности населения, новые биомаркеры, такие как микроРНК, циркулирующая опухолевая ДНК, свободно циркулирующая митохондриальная ДНК и циркулирующие опухолевые клетки, способны улучшить выявляемость пациентов с данным видом опухоли. При раке яичка технология позитронно-эмиссионной томографии, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией, с применением 18F-фтордезоксиглюкозы и двухточечной визуализацией обладает высокой чувствительностью и специфичностью при рестадировании резидуальных масс. Разработка новых лекарств, в том числе иммунотерапевтических, способна решить проблему резистентности к препаратам платины среди пациентов с метастатическими формами рака. Качество жизни пациентов с раком яичка напрямую зависит от выбранной тактики лечения. Поэтому врачам следует уделять время психологической подготовке и консультации пациентов перед началом терапии, называя и обсуждая все возможные, в том числе долгосрочные, осложнения выбранного типа лечения.

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