<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1945</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2025-21-3-113-123</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. URINARY BLADDER CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак мочевого пузыря</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Long-term oncological outcomes of radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant polychemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Отдаленные онкологические результаты радикальной цистэктомии с неоадъювантной полихимиотерапией у больных мышечно-инвазивным раком мочевого пузыря</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-7282</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atduev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атдуев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>atduev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-2536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ledyaev</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ледяев</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ledyaevd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-2467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyubarskaya</surname><given-names>Y. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любарская</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lyubarskaya52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4475-3950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prikhod’ko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приходько</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prichodkonv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1143-8567</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atduev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атдуев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>atduev7777@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-8154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushaev</surname><given-names>Z. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушаев</surname><given-names>З. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zaur.kimovich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1331-3052</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipatov</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липатов</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dmitrylipatov1999@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky District Medical Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУЗ «Приволжский окружной медицинский центр Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky District Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-12"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Atduev V.A., Ledyaev D.S., Lyubarskaya Y.O., Prikhod’ko N.V., Atduev K.A., Kushaev Z.K., Lipatov D.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Атдуев В.А., Ледяев Д.С., Любарская Ю.О., Приходько Н.В., Атдуев К.А., Кушаев З.К., Липатов Д.К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Atduev V.A., Ledyaev D.S., Lyubarskaya Y.O., Prikhod’ko N.V., Atduev K.A., Kushaev Z.K., Lipatov D.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Атдуев В.А., Ледяев Д.С., Любарская Ю.О., Приходько Н.В., Атдуев К.А., Кушаев З.К., Липатов Д.К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1945">https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1945</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is the main treatment approach in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Despite improvement in RC techniques and postoperative systemic therapy, the number of local recurrences and cases of systemic progression remains high. The search for predictors of treatment efficacy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains an important problem.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To analyze long-term oncological outcomes of RC in patient groups with and without cisplatin-based NACT.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Oncological outcomes of treatment of 214 patients who underwent RC with various urinary diversions were retrospectively analyzed. NACT in the form of 4 cycles of cisplatin + gemcitabine was administered to 73 patients (group 1, treatment). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated. Time to outcome (patient death, radiologically confirmed recurrence or progression) were calculated from the date of surgical intervention.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>All 214 patients underwent RC with extended lymph node dissection. In group 1, complete response (ypТ0) was observed in 21 (28.8 %) patients, partial response in 20 (27.4 %) patients; 32 (43.8 %) patients did not respond to therapy. Median OS in this group was not reached, 5-year OS was 62 %. In the control group (without NACT), median OS was 42 months (95 % confidence interval (CI)14.1–69.8; <italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.027). Median PFS in group 1 was not reached, 5-year PFS was 64.2 % (<italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.032); in the control group, median PFS was 53 months (95 % CI 26.2–79.8). Results of Cox regression show that lymphovascular invasion increases the risk of recurrence 3.64-fold (95 % confidence interval 1.3–10.2; <italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.014). Additionally, metastases in 2 or more lymph nodes also significantly affect the risk of recurrence (hazard ratio for рN2 status 3.8; 95 % CI 2.1–6.9; <italic>р</italic> &lt;0.001). Patients receiving NACT had significantly lower risk of recurrence (hazard ratio 0.541; 95 % CI 0.3–0.96; <italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.037). The quality of histological response significantly affected PFS (hazard ratio for partial response 0.283; 95 % CI 0.08–1.0; <italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.05, hazard ratio for complete response 0.087; 95 % CI 0.01–0.67; <italic>р</italic><italic> </italic>= 0.019).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Predictors for patient survival after RC are Т stage, N status (metastases in 2 or more lymph nodes), lymphovascular invasion. NACT significantly increases OS and PFS. Completeness of histological response to NACT is the factor improving PFS after PC the most.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Радикальная цистэктомия (РЦЭ) с проведением неоадъювантной полихимиотерапии (НАПХТ) остается основным методом лечения мышечно-инвазивного рака мочевого пузыря. Несмотря на совершенствование техники выполнения РЦЭ и проведение периоперационной системной терапии,<bold> </bold>количество локальных рецидивов и системного прогрессирования остается высоким. Поиск предикторов эффективности проводимого лечения при мышечно-инвазивном раке мочевого пузыря является актуальной задачей.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – проанализировать отдаленные онкологические результаты РЦЭ в группах больных с проведенной НАПХТ на основе цисплатина и без таковой.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Ретроспективно оценены онкологические результаты лечения 214 больных, перенесших РЦЭ с различными вариантами деривации мочи. НАПХТ в объеме 4 циклов цисплатин + гемцитабин проведена 73 пациентам (группа 1, исследуемая). Определяли общую (ОВ) и безрецидивную (БРВ) выживаемость. Отрезки времени до исходов (смерть пациента, радиологически доказанный рецидив или прогрессия) рассчитывали от даты оперативного вмешательства.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Всем 214 больным выполнена РЦЭ с расширенной лимфаденэктомией. В группе 1 полный ответ (yрТ0) получен у 21 (28,8 %) пациента, частичный ответ – у 20 (27,4 %), ответа на терапию не было у 32 (43,8 %) больных. Медиана ОВ в этой группе не достигнута, 5-летняя ОВ составила 62 %. В группе 2 (без НАПХТ) медиана ОВ составила 42 мес (95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) 14,1–69,8; <italic>р </italic>= 0,027). Медиана БРВ в группе 1 не достигнута, 5-летняя БРВ составила 64,2 % (<italic>р </italic>= 0,032), в группе 2 медиана БРВ – 53 мес (95 % ДИ 26,2–79,8). Результаты регрессионного анализа Кокса показали, что наличие лимфоваскулярной инвазии увеличивает риск рецидива в 3,64 раза (95 % ДИ 1,3–10,2; <italic>р </italic>= 0,014). Значимым фактором, влияющим на риск рецидива, является также наличие метастазов в 2 лимфатических узлах и более (отношение рисков для статуса рN2 3,8; 95 % ДИ 2,1–6,9; <italic>р</italic> &lt;0,001). Пациенты, получавшие НАПХТ имели значительно более низкий риск развития рецидива (отношение рисков 0,541; 95 % ДИ 0,3–0,96; <italic>р </italic>= 0,037). Качество гистологического ответа значимо влияло на БРВ (отношение рисков при частичном ответе 0,283; 95 % ДИ 0,08–1,0; <italic>р </italic>= 0,05, отношение рисков при полном ответе 0,087; 95 % ДИ 0,01–0,67; <italic>р </italic>= 0,019).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Предикторами выживаемости больных после РЦЭ являются Т-стадия, N-статус (метастазы в 2 лимфатических узлах и более), наличие лимфоваскулярной инвазии. Проведение НАПХТ значимо увеличивает ОВ и БРВ. Фактором, сильнее других увеличивающим БРВ больных после РЦЭ, является полнота гистологического ответа на НАПХТ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>muscle-invasive bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>radical cystectomy</kwd><kwd>neoadjuvant chemotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мышечно-инвазивный рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>радикальная цистэктомия</kwd><kwd>неоадъювантная химиотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">no</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">нет</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I. et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68(6):394–424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Jubber I., Ong S., Bukavina L. et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer in 2023: a systematic review of risk factors. Eur Urol 2023;84(2):176–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.03.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malignant tumors in Russia in 2023 (morbidity and mortality). Ed. by A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskiy, A.O. Shakhzadova. Moscow: Moskovskiy nauchno-issledovatelskiy onkologicheskiy institut im. P.A. Gertsena – filial FGBU “Natsionalnyy medicinskiy issledovatelskiy tsentr radiologii” Minzdrava Rossii, 2024. 276 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2023 г. (заболеваемость и смертность). Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, А.О. Шахзадовой. М.: Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им. П.А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России, 2024. 276 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Witjes J.A., Bruins H.M., Carrión A. et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2023 Guidelines. Eur Urol 2024;85(1):17–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.08.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Powles T., Bellmunt J., Comperat E. et al. Bladder cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2022;33(3):244–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Kitamura H., Tsukamoto T., Shibataet T. et al. Randomised phase III study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with methotrexate, doxorubicin, vinblastine and cisplatin followed by radical cystectomy comparedwithradical cystectomyalone for muscle-invasive bladdercancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0209. Ann Oncol 2014;25(6):1192–8. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu126</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lee Y., Kim Y., Hong B. et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes in patients with localized or locally advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy involving gemcitabine-cisplatin and high dose-intensity MVAC. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021;147(11):3421–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03582-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pfister C., Gravis G., Fléchon A. et al. Dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin or gemcitabine and cisplatin as perioperative chemotherapy for patients with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of the GETUG-AFU V05 VESPER Trial. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(18):2013–22. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.21.02051</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Donat S.M. Staged based directed surveillance of invasive bladder cancer following radical cystectomy: valuable and effective? World J Urol 2006;24(5):557–64. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0117-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fahmy O., Khairul-Asri M.G., Schubert T. et al. Urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2018;36(2):54–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.11.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gakis G., Black P., Bochner B. et al. Systematic review on the fate of the remnant urothelium after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 2017;71(4):545–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.09.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hautmann R., de Petriconi R., Pfeiffer C. et al. Radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy: long-term results in 1100 patients. Eur Urol 2012;61(5):1039–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ghoneim M., Abdel-Latif M., Abol-Enein H. et al. Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: 2,720 consecutive cases 5 years later. J Urol 2008;180(1):121–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Stein J.P., Lieskovsky G., Coteet R. et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(3):666–75. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.666</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Trifard F., Chrétien Y., Vallantin X. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) in the treatment of invasive urothelial tumors of the bladder. Preliminary results of a prospective study concerning 22 patients. Ann Urol (Paris) 1988;22(3):216–9. PMID: 3401004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Sherif A., Rintala E., Mestad O. et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin-methotrexate chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer – Nordic Cystectomy Trial 2. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2002;36(6): 419–25. DOI: 10.1080/003655902762467567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol 2005;48(2):202–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.04.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Winquist E., Kirchner T., Segal R. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol 2004;171(2 Pt 1):561–9. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000090967.08622.33</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>David K., Milowsky M., Ritchey J. et al. Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. J Urol 2007;178(2):451–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.101</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Burger M., Mulders P., Witjes W. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer is low among major European centres: results of a feasibility questionnaire. Eur Urol 2012;61(5):1070–1. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.01.039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>EAU Guidelines. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Paris 2024. ISBN 978-94-92671-23-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Pfister C., Gravis G., Fléchon A. et al. Randomized phase III trial of dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin, or gemcitabine and cisplatin as perioperative chemotherapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Analysis of the GETUG/AFU V05 VESPER Trial secondary endpoints: chemotherapy toxicity and pathological responses. Eur Urol 2021;79(2):214–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Pfister С., Gravis G., Fléchon A. et al. Perioperative dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (VESPER): survival endpoints at 5 years in an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2024;25(2):255–64. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00587-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ruplin А., Spengler А., Montgomery R., Wright J. Downstaging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer using neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin or dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin as single regimens or as switch therapy modalities. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2020;18(5):e557–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2020.02.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ravi P., Pond G., Diamantopouloset L. et al. Optimal pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from a global, multicenter collaboration. BJU Int 2021;128(5):607–14. DOI: 10.1111/bju.15434</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karyakin O.B., Vorobyov N.V., Zaborskiy I.N. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. Onkourologiya = Cancer Urology 2022;18(3):92–8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2022-18-3-92-98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карякин О.Б., Воробьев Н.В., Заборский И.Н. и др. Неоадъювантная химиотерапия и радикальная цистэктомия у больных раком мочевого пузыря. Онкоурология 2022;18(3):92–8. DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2022-18-3-92-98</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Homayoun Z., Patrick N.E., Adrian S.F. et al. Multicenter assessment of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2015;67(2):241–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Robertson A.G., Kim J., Al-Ahmadieet H. et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cell 2017;171(3):540–56.e25. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Lopez-Beltran А., Blanca А., Cimadamore А. et al. Molecular classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma using nanostring-based gene expression analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13(21):5500. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215500</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Powles T., Catto J., Galsky M.D. et al. Perioperative durvalumab with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2024;391(19):1773–86. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2408154</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Galsky M.D., Hoimes C., Necchi A. et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: phase III KEYNOTE-866 and KEYNOTE-905/EV-303. Future Oncol 2021;17(24):3137–50. DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalpinskiy A.S., Mailyan O.A. New capabilities of 2nd and subsequent therapy lines in metastatic urothelial cancer. Onkourologiya = Cancer Urology 2024;20(4):75–89. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2024-20-4-75-89</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калпинский А.С., Маилян О.А. Новые возможности терапии 2-й и последующих линий метастатического уротелиального рака. Онкоурология 2024;20(4):75–89. DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2024-20-4-75-89</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
