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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1948</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2025-21-3-41-52</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. RENAL CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак почки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immuno-oncological safety and toxicity of 1<sup>st</sup> line combined therapy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: real world study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммуноонкологическая безопасность и токсичность комбинированной терапии 1-й линии у пациентов с распространенным почечно-клеточным раком: исследование реальной клинической практики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7754-6624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mivolkova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-5579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyadova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лядова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.lyadova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-0349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nersesova</surname><given-names>Т. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нерсесова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.nersesova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2856-5176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kuz011@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6646-7454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tattg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0637-9826</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>E. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.tsareva@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1084-1551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stativko</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стативко</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olesya_stativko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9864-3837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokataev</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покатаев</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pokia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Hospital named after S. S. Yudin, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница им. С. С. Юдина Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Volkova M.I., Lyadova M.A., Nersesova Т.A., Kuzmina E.S., Antonova T.G., Tsareva E.V., Stativko O.A., Pokataev I.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Волкова М.И., Лядова М.А., Нерсесова Т.А., Кузьмина Е.С., Антонова Т.Г., Царева E.В., Стативко О.А., Покатаев И.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova M.I., Lyadova M.A., Nersesova Т.A., Kuzmina E.S., Antonova T.G., Tsareva E.V., Stativko O.A., Pokataev I.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова М.И., Лядова М.А., Нерсесова Т.А., Кузьмина Е.С., Антонова Т.Г., Царева E.В., Стативко О.А., Покатаев И.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1948">https://oncourology.eco-vector.com/oncur/article/view/1948</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim: </bold>to assess Immune-related toxicity and safety of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors-based therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients treated in real-world clinical practice.</p> <p><bold>Methods: </bold>the retrospective study included data of 194 patients ≥18 years, with verified mRCC, treated with upfront combined immunotherapy, IO-IO (nivolumab + ipilimumab, 94 (48.5 %) patients) or immune-targeted therapy, IO-TKI (100 (51.5 %) patients: pembrolizumab + axitinib (85 (43.8 %)) or lenvatinib (10 (5.2 %)), nivolumab + cabozantinib (5 (2.6 %)) from 07.07.2019 to 22.10.2024 at Moscow City Hospital named after S.S. Yudin. All immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and regimen modifications from IO-IO or IO-TKI start to the last follow-up or death were registered.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> median duration of the first-line therapy was 11.1 (1.0–5 5.9) months (for IO-IO – 7.0 (1.0–55.9) months, for IO-TKI – 13.9 (1.0–45.2) months; <italic>р</italic><italic> = </italic>0,026). Median follow-up was 28.4 (1–63) months. IrAEs developed in 70.6 %, achieved grade ≥3 in 32.9 %, and grade 5 – in 7 (3.6 %) cases. Multiple irAEs were noted in 53.6 % patients and were more common in the IO-IO comparing with IO-TKI group (63.8 % <italic>vs.</italic> 44.0 %; <italic>р</italic><italic> = </italic>0,044). Frequent toxicities (≥10 % cases) included endocrinopathy (30.9 %), liver (22.7 %), renal (20.1 %), and gastrointestinal irAEs (10.3 %). IO-IO was associated with higher risk of renal toxicity comparing with IO-TKI (35.1 % <italic>vs.</italic> 6.0 %; <italic>р</italic> &lt;0.0001). Risk factors for severe irAEs development were baseline anemia (<italic>р</italic><italic> = </italic>0,031) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥3 (<italic>р</italic><italic> = </italic>0,031).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> real-world data confirmed results of randomized trials regarding with irAEs rate and spectrum but demonstrated higher severe and multiple irAEs frequency in mRCC patients treated with upfront immune checkpoint inhibitors-based therapy. IO-IO was associated with higher rate of multiple irAEs and immune-related renal toxicity comparing IO-TKI.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> <bold>исследования</bold> – оценить иммуноопосредованную токсичность и связанную с ней безопасность терапии 1-й линии, основанной на комбинированной иммунотерапии (ИО-ИО) или иммунотаргетной терапии (ИО-ТКИ), у больных распространенным почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР), получавших лечение в реальной клинической практике.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В ретроспективное исследование, проведенное на базе онкологического центра № 1 Городской клинической больницы им. С. С. Юдина с 07.07.2019 по 22.10.2024, вошли 194 больных ≥18 лет с верифицированным распространенным ПКР, получавших в качестве 1-й линии терапии ИО-ИО (ниволумаб с ипилимумабом – 94 (48,5 %) пациента) или ИО-ТКИ (100 (51,5 %) пациентов: пембролизумаб с акситинибом – 85 (43,8 %), пембролизумаб с ленватинибом – 10 (5,2 %), ниволумаб с кабозантинибом – 5 (2,6 %)). У всех больных в процессе терапии регистрировались иммуноопосредованные нежелательные явления (ИОНЯ), редукции доз, перерывы в терапии, отмены терапии из-за ИОНЯ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Медиана продолжительности терапии 1-й линии составила 11,1 (1,0–55,9) мес: в группе ИО-ИО – 7,0 (1,0–55,9) мес, в группе ИО-ТКИ – 13,9 (1,0–45,2) мес (<italic>р</italic> = 0,026). Медиана наблюдения за всеми пациентами – 28,4 (1–63) мес. Частота ИОНЯ составила 70,6 %, ИОНЯ ≥III степени тяжести – 32,9 %. Множественные ИОНЯ развились у 53,6 % больных и чаще регистрировались в группе ИО-ИО по сравнению с группой ИО-ТКИ (<italic>р</italic> = 0,044). Частыми ИОНЯ, развившимися у ≥10 % больных, являлись эндокринопатии (30,9 %), печеночные (22,7 %), почечные (20,1 %) и гастроинтестинальные (10,3 %) ИОНЯ . Факторами риска тяжелых ИОНЯ являлись исходная анемия (<italic>р</italic> = 0,031) и соотношение нейтрофилы/лимфоциты ≥3 (<italic>р</italic> = 0,031). В группе ИО-ИО по сравнению с группой ИО-ТКИ отмечена значимо более высокая частота почечных ИОНЯ (<italic>р</italic> &lt;0,0001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>По сравнению с данными регистрационных исследований у больных распространенным ПКР, получавших в качестве 1-й линии терапии ИО-ИО или ИО-ТКИ в реальной практике, отмечаются сопоставимые частота и структура ИОНЯ при большей частоте тяжелых ИОНЯ. ИО-ИО ассоциирована с повышением частоты множественных ИОНЯ и иммуноопосредованной нефротоксичности по сравнению с ИО-ТКИ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renal cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>real world practice</kwd><kwd>immune-related adverse event</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>реальная практика</kwd><kwd>иммуноопосредованное нежелательное явление</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova M.I., Nosov D.A., Alekseev B.Ya. et al. Renal cell carcinoma. RUSSCO practical guidelines, part 1.2. Zlokachestvennye opukholi = Malignant Tumors 2024;14(3s2):207–20. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова М.И., Носов Д.А., Алексеев Б.Я. и др. Почечноклеточный рак. Практические рекомендации RUSSCO, часть 1.2. 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